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What Animals Are In The Family Felidae

Written By Saturday, July 2, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Subspecies of carnivore

Kermode comport
Spiritbear.jpg

Conservation condition


Patently Secure (NatureServe)[1]

Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Course: Mammalia
Club: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species:

U. americanus

Subspecies:

U. a. kermodei

Trinomial proper noun
Ursus americanus kermodei

Hornaday, 1905

The Kermode bear, sometimes chosen the spirit bear (Ursus americanus kermodei), is a subspecies of the American black conduct and lives in the Central and North Declension regions of British Columbia, Canada.[two] It is the official provincial mammal of British Columbia and symbol of Terrace, British Columbia.[three] [4] While nigh Kermode bears are blackness, betwixt 100 and 500 fully white individuals exist.[5] The white variant is known as spirit bear, and is nearly common on 3 islands in British Columbia (Gribbell, Princess Royal, and Roderick), where they brand up ten–20% of the Kermode population.[6] Spirit bears hold a prominent identify in the oral traditions of the indigenous peoples of the area. They have also been featured in a National Geographic documentary.[7]

Description [edit]

The Kermode bear was named after Frank Kermode, quondam director of the Purple B.C. Museum,[2] who researched the subspecies and was a colleague of William Hornaday, the zoologist who described it.[viii] [9] Today, the proper noun Kermode is pronounced as kər-MOH-dee differing from the pronunciation of the Kermode surname, which originates on the Isle of Homo ( KUR-mohd).[ten]

White Kermode bears are not albinos, as they still accept pigmented pare and eyes.[2] [6] Rather, a single, nonsynonymous nucleotide exchange in the MC1R gene causes melanin to not be produced.[6] This mutant gene is recessive, and so Kermode bears with two copies of this mutant, nonfunctional gene announced white, while bears with one copy or no copies appear black.[6] Ii black bears tin mate and produce a white cub if both of these blackness bears are heterozygous, conveying one copy of the mutant MC1R gene, and both mutant genes are inherited past the cub. Additional genetic studies institute that white Kermode bears breed more with white Kermode bears, and black Kermode bears breed more than with black Kermode bears, in a miracle known as positive assortative mating.[6] One hypothesis is that this happens considering young bears imprint on their female parent'southward fur colour.[5]

Kermode bears are omnivorous for most of the yr, subsisting mainly on herbage and berries except during autumn salmon migrations, when they become obligate predators.[5] During the solar day, white bears are 35% more successful than black bears in capturing salmon.[11] Salmon evade large, black models virtually twice as frequently every bit they evade large white models, giving white bears an advantage in salmon hunting. The white fur of the bear is harder to spot nether h2o past fish than black fur is, so the bear can catch fish more hands.[11] On some islands, white Kermode bears take more than marine-derived nutrients in their fur, indicating that white Kermode bears eat more salmon than the black Kermode bears.[12]

Habitat [edit]

The U. a. kermodei subspecies ranges from Princess Royal Island to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, on the coast and inland toward Hazelton, British Columbia. It is known in the Tsimshianic languages as moksgmʼol. In the February 2006 Speech from the Throne, the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia announced the authorities'due south intention to designate the Kermode, or spirit acquit, as British Columbia's official animal. Information technology was adopted as such in April of that year.[3] A male Kermode bear can reach 225 kg (496 lb) or more than. Females are much smaller, with a maximum weight of 135 kg (298 lb). Straight up, it stands 180 cm (71 in) tall.

Fewer than 400 white-coloured bears were estimated to exist in the declension expanse that stretches from Southeast Alaska southwards to the northern tip of Vancouver Island;[13] nigh 120 inhabit the large Princess and Prince Majestic Islands.[13] The largest concentration of the white bears inhabits 80-square-mile (210 km2) Gribbell Island, in the territory of the Gitgaʼata people.[xiv]

The conduct's habitat was potentially under threat from the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, whose planned route would accept passed virtually the Keen Comport Rainforest.[15] [16] Ethnic groups including the Gitgaʼat opposed the pipeline.[17] The Enbridge Northern Gateway pipeline was rejected by the federal regime in 2016.

Conservation [edit]

Although the Kermode bear is not rare, considerable conservation efforts have been made to maintain the subspecies' population due to the behave'due south cultural significance. The main threats to the acquit species include habitat devastation due to oil pipelines.

The majority of the Kermode bears' poly peptide intake is from salmon during the fall.[11] [18] Pipeline spills could cause impairment to salmon populations by polluting ecosystems.[xiv] Salmon are a keystone species and are important to the food intake of both aqueous and terrestrial environments.[xix] The salmon contribute nutrients to water during spawning and contribute to the land with decomposition of their carcasses when predators, such equally bears, besprinkle them throughout the wood.[19] Until November 26, 2016, the greatest pipeline threat to the Corking Bear Rainforest had been the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, simply Canadian Prime Government minister Justin Trudeau close the project down after the First Nations took the Canadian government to court and won.[twenty] Trudeau instead approved two dissimilar pipelines, the Kinder Morgan Trans Mount Expansion Project and another Enbridge Pipeline, that have been accounted non to affect the British Columbia Coast or the Great Bear Rainforest.[20]

In 2012, the coastal First Nations banned bays hunting of all bears in their territories in the Smashing Bear Rainforest. In 2017, after much public pressure to end the practice, the government of British Columbia banned the trophy hunting of grizzlies in the Bang-up Comport Rainforest, but the hunting of blackness bears remains legal. A business organization in regards to hunting is potential poaching.[21] Grizzly bears also pose a threat to Kermode bear populations considering of the turn down of natural resources, especially salmon populations that are becoming subject to climatic change and overfishing.[fourteen] [22] Using noninvasive hair-line traps scientists tracked the movement of grizzlies beyond the coasts and rainforest. They institute that grizzlies are moving into blackness carry and Kermode carry salmon feeding grounds more often. This disrupts the feeding of Kermode and other blackness bears, as they oft retreat once grizzlies arrive.[xiv]

Spirit Bear Gild is an ecolodge that provides comport sightseeing opportunities, provides pedagogy about British Columbia bears, and has stimulated the economy of the Klemtu Indian Reserve. The operators have complained about hunting, stating they have seen bear carcasses, and that hunting makes the bears more wary of humans and harder to spot.[21]

In captivity [edit]

In October 2012, a Kermode bear, believed to exist the kickoff in captivity, became a resident of the British Columbia Wildlife Park in Kamloops.[23] The yearling cub was plant abased in northwestern British Columbia on the side of Terrace Mountain near Terrace. After two unsuccessful attempts to rehabilitate and release him dorsum into the wild, the cub, at present nicknamed Clover by handlers, was sent to the park when conservation officers decided that he was not a candidate for relocation.[24] The park has plans to create a custom abode for the bear, which escaped from his temporary enclosure once.[25] Beast-rights grouping Lifeforce believed that the carry was good for you plenty to survive on his own and that he should be relocated and released dorsum into the wild.[26] Provincial government wildlife officials maintained their position against attempting a long-distance relocation, stating that the risks outweighed the possible benefits, and equally of July 2019[update], the behave remains in captivity.[27]

See also [edit]

  • Cinnamon bear, another colour variant of the American black behave
  • White stag, an fauna variant with an of import position in folklore and mythology
  • White lion
  • White panther
  • White tiger

References [edit]

  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Spirit Behave Facts". Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 2009-12-03 .
  3. ^ a b "Symbols of British Columbia". Function of Protocol. Authorities of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2015-03-24 .
  4. ^ "Terrace, British Columbia (Canada)". CRW Flags . Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Hedrick, Philip W.; Ritland, Kermit (2012-02-01). "Population Genetics of the White-Phased "spirit" Black Bear of British Columbia". Evolution. 66 (2): 305–313. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01463.10. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 22276530.
  6. ^ a b c d east Ritland, Kermit; Newton, Craig; Marshall, H.Dawn (2001). "Inheritance and population structure of the white-phased "Kermode" black comport". Current Biological science. xi (eighteen): 1468–1472. doi:x.1016/s0960-9822(01)00448-1. PMID 11566108. S2CID 15846139.
  7. ^ Final Stand up of the Great Bear. National Geographic. 2006. ISBN0-7922-4110-X.
  8. ^ Warmack, Steve. "The Kermode Bear". Archived from the original on 2008-04-sixteen. Retrieved 2008-04-18 .
  9. ^ "Kermode Bear: Icon for an Engangered Ecosystem" from National Wildlife Mag ane/15/2010
  10. ^ "Surname Database: Kermode Terminal Name Origin". surnamedb.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  11. ^ a b c Klinka, Dan R.; Reimchen, Thomas Due east. (2009-11-01). "Adaptive coat colour polymorphism in the Kermode comport of coastal British Columbia". Biological Journal of the Linnean Lodge. 98 (3): 479–488. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01306.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  12. ^ Reimchen, Thomas E.; Klinka, Dan R. (2017-10-01). "Niche differentiation between glaze colour morphs in the Kermode bear (Ursidae) of littoral British Columbia". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 274–285. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx079. ISSN 0024-4066.
  13. ^ a b "The Pacific Declension of BC is home to the world's simply white coloured Black Bears". Spirit Bear Adventure LTD. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-01-04 .
  14. ^ a b c d Shoumatoff, Alex. "This Rare, White Bear May Be the Key to Saving a Canadian Rainforest", Smithsonian Mag, August 31, 2015.
  15. ^ Kaufman, Rachel (October 7, 2010). "Photos: Canadian Rain Woods Edges Oil Pipeline Path". National Geographic News . Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  16. ^ Save, Planet (November 4, 2011). "Canada's 'Spirit Bears' Threatened by Proposed Oil Pipeline". IBTimes Britain. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 27 Nov 2011.
  17. ^ "Rare Spirit Conduct Endangered in Canada". ZamanUSA.com. Associated Printing. November 28, 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  18. ^ Hilderbrand, G V; Jenkins, S G; Schwartz, C C; Hanley, T A; Robbins, C T (1999-12-01). "Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in torso mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (10): 1623–1630. doi:10.1139/z99-133. ISSN 0008-4301.
  19. ^ a b Hilderbrand, Grant V.; Farley, Sean D.; Schwartz, Charles C.; Robbins, Charles T. (2004). "Importance of salmon to wild animals: Implications for integrated management" (PDF). Ursus. xv (1): 1–nine. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0001:IOSTWI>2.0.CO;2 – via world wide web.bearbiology.com.
  20. ^ a b Guly, Christopher (2016-11-29). "Canadian authorities rejects pipeline through rainforests of British Columbia". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-12-12 .
  21. ^ a b Langlois, Krista (2017-10-26). "Offset Nations Fight to Protect the Rare Spirit Comport from Hunters". news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2017-12-xi .
  22. ^ Temple, Nicola, ed. (2005). Salmon in the Swell Bear Rainforest (PDF). Victoria, British Columbia: Raincoast Conservation Society. pp. 3–21.
  23. ^ "Orphaned B.C. kermode acquit becomes rare allure at Kamloops wildlife park". Canadian Press. October xxx, 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Orphaned B.C. kermode bear wants human being contact, moves to Kamloops wild fauna park". macleans.ca. 30 Oct 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  25. ^ vancouversun.com
  26. ^ Morton, Brian (2001-11-24). "Kermode conduct cub should be freed from Kamloops sanctuary: Lifeforce". vancouversun.com . Retrieved 23 Baronial 2016.
  27. ^ "Fate of Clover the 'spirit bear' from B.C. draws international interest". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. viii October 2012.

External links [edit]

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermode_bear

Posted by: collinsciat1966.blogspot.com

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